Kinship Adoption in North Carolina: How Relatives Can Adopt Through DSS

When a child cannot safely remain with their birth parents, North Carolina law prioritizes placing that child with relatives — grandparents, aunts and uncles, adult siblings, and other family members — before seeking an unrelated foster or adoptive home. This policy, known as kinship placement, reflects the state's commitment to keeping children connected to their families even when parental care is not possible.

If you are a relative caring for a child and considering making that relationship permanent through adoption, this guide explains how kinship adoption works in North Carolina, what distinguishes it from unrelated adoption, and what financial support may be available.

Who Qualifies as a Relative Under NC Law

North Carolina's adoption statutes use the term "relative" to mean a specific, close family relationship. For the purposes of the independent-adoption PPA exception under NCGS 48-3-301(b), relatives include:

• Grandparent
• Full or half sibling
• First cousin
• Aunt or uncle
• Great-aunt or great-uncle
• Great-grandparent

Beyond this formal legal definition, North Carolina DSS and courts also recognize fictive kin — people who are not biological relatives but have a long-standing, established family-like relationship with the child, such as a godparent, family friend who has been part of the child's life for years, or a neighbor who has served as a caregiver. DSS placement policy gives priority to fictive kin over unrelated strangers, though they do not receive the same legal streamlining that biological relatives do.

Two Paths to Kinship Adoption in NC

Kinship adoption in North Carolina can reach finalization through two different starting points:

Path 1: DSS Kinship Placement Leading to Adoption

The most common kinship adoption scenario begins with a DSS intervention — the county DSS investigates abuse, neglect, or dependency involving the child, removes the child from the birth parent's home, and places the child with a relative rather than an unrelated foster family.

When DSS identifies a placement, they have a legal obligation to conduct a kinship assessment of the proposed relative placement before moving the child. This is a preliminary safety check — not the full preplacement assessment required for adoption — intended to quickly evaluate whether the relative home is safe enough for an emergency or short-term placement.

After the kinship placement is made, the relative caregiver may apply to become a licensed kinship foster parent, which enables them to receive the same monthly foster care support payments as unrelated foster parents. Alternatively, the relative may provide care without licensing, in which case the child typically receives kinship navigator support but the caregiver does not receive foster care payments.

If the child cannot be reunified with their birth parents, DSS will shift the case plan toward adoption. The relative caregiver who has been providing care typically has preference as the adoptive family, and if they meet the requirements, DSS will work toward finalizing the adoption with them.

Path 2: Independent Kinship Adoption Without DSS Involvement

If there is no DSS involvement — the birth parent simply wants to permanently place the child with a relative — the relative can pursue a direct adoption under NCGS Chapter 48. This is a private legal proceeding rather than a DSS case.

In this scenario:

• The birth parent executes a consent to adoption under NCGS 48-3-601, or an agency relinquishment under NCGS 48-3-701 through 48-3-707, with the applicable seven-day revocation period
• The relative files an adoption petition with the Clerk of Superior Court
• No PPA is required under NCGS 48-3-301(b) for an independent adoption by a listed relative, including a grandparent, full or half sibling, first cousin, aunt, uncle, great-aunt, great-uncle, or great-grandparent
• An attorney is strongly advisable to manage the consent documentation and court filing

This path is more common when a birth parent is struggling but not involved with the child welfare system — they recognize that they cannot parent but want to place the child with a family member rather than "losing" the child to the state.

The Relative PPA Exception

For an independent adoption, NCGS 48-3-301(b) does not require a PPA when the petitioner is a grandparent, full or half sibling, first cousin, aunt, uncle, great-aunt, great-uncle, or great-grandparent of the child. This statutory exception is not a blanket two-year residency rule.

A Report to the Court (DSS-1808) or another assessment may still be ordered depending on the case. Ask the Clerk or DSS which report and assessment documents apply.

Foster Care vs. Kinship Adoption: What Changes Financially

Families considering kinship adoption from a foster care placement sometimes worry that adopting will reduce their financial support. Here is the realistic picture:

While in licensed kinship foster care: You receive monthly foster care support payments (rates vary by the child's age and level of need) plus the child's Medicaid coverage.

After adoption of a special needs child: If the child meets North Carolina's "special needs" definition for adoption assistance (age 6+, part of a sibling group, diagnosed disability), DSS-5013 provides for signatures before or after finalization. Confirm the timing, eligibility, and terms with DSS. The rates are:

• $702/month for children age 0–5
• $742/month for children age 6–12
• $810/month for children age 13–21

Plus potential supplemental payments for high medical needs up to $1,600/month.

Medicaid typically continues for children adopted from DSS under an adoption assistance agreement.

Critical: Confirm the adoption assistance terms with DSS. DSS-5013 provides for signatures before or after finalization, subject to the child's eligibility and the agreement's terms.

For children who do not meet the special needs definition (young, healthy children), there may be no ongoing monthly adoption assistance — but the federal adoption tax credit can offset qualifying costs. For tax year 2026, the maximum is $17,670 per qualifying child, and up to $5,120 may be refundable; the remaining qualifying credit follows the applicable nonrefundable and carry-forward rules.

ICWA and Kinship Adoption in Western NC

One issue that kinship caregivers in western North Carolina sometimes encounter is the applicability of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA). ICWA applies to adoption proceedings involving a child who is a member of or eligible for membership in a federally recognized tribe — most relevantly in North Carolina, the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI), based in Cherokee, NC.

ICWA imposes specific requirements on adoption proceedings involving Indian children:

• Notice and other protections apply when there is reason to know that the child is a member of or eligible for membership in a federally recognized tribe
• The tribe has the right to intervene in any proceeding
• Placement preferences must follow a specific hierarchy that prioritizes extended family, then tribal members, then other Indian families, before non-Indian placement

If there is reason to know that the child may be a member of or eligible for membership in a federally recognized tribe, consult the relevant tribe, including the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) where applicable. Noncompliance with ICWA can allow a challenge after finalization; heritage alone does not automatically invalidate an adoption.

Practical Advice for Kinship Caregivers Considering Adoption

Document the child's residence with you. School records, medical records, and DSS visit records all establish the timeline of the child's residency in your home. This documentation may matter to case-specific assessment, report, or court requirements.

Get your own attorney. Even if DSS is handling the case, having independent legal representation ensures that your interests — and the child's interests — are properly represented. DSS attorneys represent the agency, not you.

Start the adoption assistance conversation early. Ask the DSS caseworker about adoption assistance eligibility as soon as the case plan shifts toward adoption. Confirm the timing, eligibility, and terms of DSS-5013 with DSS.

Talk honestly with the birth parent. Kinship adoptions are often emotionally complicated because the birth parent is a family member. Having a clear, compassionate conversation about what the adoption means legally — including the extinguishment of their parental rights — with the support of the DSS caseworker or a family mediator, is usually better than leaving things vague.

Kinship adoption in North Carolina is one of the most meaningful forms of family preservation — keeping children connected to their roots while ensuring they have a stable, legal home.

The North Carolina Adoption Process Guide covers the full kinship adoption process — DSS placement, the relative PPA exception requirements, adoption assistance negotiation, and ICWA considerations for families with tribal connections.

See more North Carolina guides →